Schutz's Phenomenological Study on Debtors of the Gapura Karomah Program, Tanah Laut Regency, Indonesia

Gapura Karomah is a loan program run by the Bank Pengkreditan Rakyat (BPR) with zero percent (0%) Tanah Laut interest for people who have difficulties in terms of capital. This research focuses on debtors of the Gapura Karomah program who make smooth payments of credit return obligations even though there is no collateral provided. The purpose of this research is to find out the motives for the reasons and the motives for the benefits of the debtor to make smooth payment of loan repayments even without collateral and to analyze how the debtor maintains the trust of the BPR and the Tanah Laut Regency Government. This study is qualitative research that explores and describes in detail a situation or phenomenon of the research object studied by developing concepts and gathering existing facts using the Schutz Phenomenology approach. This phenomenology analyzes research findings through themes originating from the presentation of data that can provide an overview of the motives for the causes and benefits of the debtor. The results of the study show that BPRs provide a program, namely Gapura Karomah, by providing credit without interest and without collateral but through a long process. The causal motives are the intention to make payments on time, have other income from other business sources, and have good financial management. The benefit motive is to help develop a business with capital obtained from credit and maintain the good name of the debtor for ease of applying for credit in the future. The way the debtor maintains the trust of the BPR is by setting aside any income from the main operating results as well as from other sources of business income.


Introduction
Micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) have an important role in Indonesia's economic

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A B S T R A C T
Gapura Karomah is a loan program run by the Bank Pengkreditan Rakyat (BPR) with zero percent (0%) Tanah Laut interest for people who have difficulties in terms of capital. This research focuses on debtors of the Gapura Karomah program who make smooth payments of credit return obligations even though there is no collateral provided. The purpose of this research is to find out the motives for the reasons and the motives for the benefits of the debtor to make smooth payment of loan repayments even without collateral and to analyze how the debtor maintains the trust of the BPR and the Tanah Laut Regency Government. This study is qualitative research that explores and describes in detail a situation or phenomenon of the research object studied by developing concepts and gathering existing facts using the Schutz Phenomenology approach. This phenomenology analyzes research findings through themes originating from the presentation of data that can provide an overview of the motives for the causes and benefits of the debtor. The results of the study show that BPRs provide a program, namely Gapura Karomah, by providing credit without interest and without collateral but through a long process. The causal motives are the intention to make payments on time, have other income from other business sources, and have good financial management. The benefit motive is to help develop a business with capital obtained from credit and maintain the good name of the debtor for ease of applying for credit in the future. The way the debtor maintains the trust of the BPR is by setting aside any income from the main operating results as well as from other sources of business income. zero percent (0%) interest and collateral (with a certain credit limit. The Gapura Karomah program has two credit ceilings, namely loans of 1-5 million noncollateral and loans of > 5 million with collateral. There is a phenomenon about debtors from the Gapura Karomah program who get 0% interest credit and noncollateral provided to the Bank, but the debtor has smooth credit payments without any arrears. This is a phenomenon that occurs in the culture of society regarding the smooth payment of credit in Indonesia.
This study focuses on debtors of the Gapura Karomah program who make smooth payments of credit return obligations even though no collateral is provided. This study also aims to find out the motives why the debtors of the Gapura Karomah program always make payments for credit repayments, even without collateral given to BPRs. In addition, the study aims to analyze the benefit motive of Gapura Karomah program debtors who always make payments for credit repayments even without collateral given to ACA.

Literature Review
Phenomenology comes from the Greek Phainomai, which means "to appear". Phainomenon refers to "that which appears". Phenomena are facts that are realized and then entered into human understanding. So an object has something to do with consciousness.
Phenomena are not themselves as they appear to the naked eye but exist in front of consciousness and are presented with awareness as well. In this regard, phenomenology reflects direct human experience insofar as that experience is intensively related to an object. Phenomenology is a philosophy about phenomena. The phenomenon refers to the events of daily experience, anxiety, sorrow, and joy that grapple with everyone's daily life. As a science, phenomenology is a methodology to reach the truth. Because experience belongs to everyone, the truth is not exclusive to them all. All can submit valid knowledge with and in their experience.
Research that uses a phenomenological approach seeks to understand the meaning of events and interactions with ordinary people in certain situations.
This approach calls for a number of assumptions that differ from the way in which people approach behavior with the intent of finding "facts" or "causes". In its development, this perspective is known as the philosophical theory, which was rolled out by Hegel, Husserl, Sheller, Schutz, Weber, and later Berger.
However, with Weber's thoughts in the development of social theory, which is oriented towards the social definition paradigm, eventually, this approach is widely used as an analytical tool for social phenomena. So to be able to understand the meaning must be able to break through something behind something that looks like that. Therefore the use of phenomenology, according to Husserl, is to return to "data" and not to "thoughts". The source is that which exists in itself, or that manifests itself. For Husserl, the result of true knowledge is not the engineering of the mind to form theories but rather the presence of data in the mind's consciousness.
In contrast to Sheller's phenomenology, which emphasizes nature. He taught researchers to carry out "essential surveillance" by using the notion of value and personality. Sheller's phenomenological emphasis lies in its attention to humans, thus making "love" the basis of his teachings. Love is not a feeling but a individual is present in a stream of consciousness obtained from the process of reflection on everyday experiences (Campbell, 1994). Schutz is known as the most prominent phenomenological theorist because he was able to make Husserl's ideas which were still considered very abstract, easier to understand. Schutz brought phenomenology into the social sciences. For him, the task of phenomenology is to connect scientific knowledge and everyday experience from the activities in which the experience and knowledge originated.
That is, basing social action on experience, meaning, and awareness. Furthermore, researchers can also classify or group, or create themes for the selected data. Coding is the process of marking the data that has been grouped.
Groups of similar data are given the same code.
Through coding, researchers can produce new categories or themes. Through coding, researchers produce themes or categorizations of research data which are findings. Based on the resulting themes, the researcher then makes brief and systematic descriptions so that the themes found become clearer.
The next step is to look for relationships between one theme and another. The results of the construction of relationships between themes or categories then need to be interpreted so that other people understand them.  Table 2. Narrative description of the debtor's benefit motives to make smooth credit payments.

No.
Informant Narrative description Appropriate theme

Fahmi Ina Diny
The credit obtained is very helpful for the development of his business. The capital obtained can be used to increase the production of his chips

Business development
The relief provided by BPRs with 0% interest loans and no collateral

Gapura Karamah with 0% interest
The smoothness of payments made makes it easy to apply for credit in the future.

Ease of submission
Maintain a good name as a debtor by always making smooth payments so that you always get the trust of the Bank

2.
Joko Siswanto The continuity of the Angkringan business, especially at the beginning of the Covid19 Pandemic, felt it was greatly helped by the capital assistance from BPRs

Gapura Karamah with 0% interest
The benefit of smooth payments is to makes it easier to apply for credit at BPRs

Ease of submission
Always making payments on time is a way to maintain a good name as a debtor

3.
Marianah Initially, before getting credit capital, they had difficulty buying fertilizer because of the low selling price of rubber. After getting credit capital, it became easier to buy fertilizer

Business development
A good financial management system, it will make it easier to make payments smooth and make it easier to apply for credit in the future.

Ease of submission
Maintain a good reputation with smooth payments made

4.
Imam Maksum Business development for livestock to buy catfish seeds and feed

Business development
Credit is useful for increasing business with no interest. Gapura Karamah with 0% interest Because of the intention to always make smooth payments for the convenience of re-applying credit

Ease of submission
Always try to pay on time by proposing income from other businesses in order to maintain the good name of the debtor in the Bank

5.
Zainal Hadi After obtaining credit capital from the BPR, Mr. Zainal Hadi was able to buy one pregnant cow. Mother cows are sold and bought again for smaller cows. Now has two cows.

Business development
Payment relief due to interest-free credit Gapura Karamah with 0% interest The motivation to always make smooth payments is that if you want to apply for credit again, you are given convenience.

Ease of submission
Because there is a desire to re-apply for credit in the future, then maintain the name of the debtor by making payments smooth

Conclusion
BPR provides a program, namely Gapura Karomah, by providing loans without interest and collateral, even though to get credit approval, the prospective debtor must go through a fairly lengthy process. The motive is that the debtor always makes smooth payments of credit repayments even though there is no collateral is the intention to make timely payments, have other income from other business sources, have financial management for timely credit payments, and have the desire to apply for credit again in the future. The benefit motive of the debtor is always to make smooth payment of credit repayment obligations (installments) even without collateral to help develop businesses with capital obtained from the credit, loans offered without interest so as to make payments easier, maintain the good name of the debtor in banking so that the debtor has a track record in order to be able to re-apply for credit when the credit period has ended in the future.