The Effect of Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation on Student’s Entrepreneurial Intention in West Kalimantan

Entrepreneurship has become one of the main issues in government policy in various countries. Therefore, understanding entrepreneurial intention (EI) and individual entrepreneurial orientation (IEO) is important for research. EI is influenced by many factors, such as social environment and cultural and psychological factors. IEO is an individual personality characteristic that reflects a tendency to engage in entrepreneurial behavior with three dimensions, namely, innovative, proactive, and risk-taking. However, there has not been much research on IEO and EI in the context of vocational students. So, through this research, the relationship between IEO and EI for vocational students in Indonesia will be explained in detail. This study involved 388 vocational students in West Kalimantan. The participants were randomly selected and analyzed using quantitative methods to test the proposed hypothesis. Based on the results of the study, it was found that there was a positive and significant relationship between the dimensions of IEO on EI both directly and indirectly. The implications of the results of this research are that agencies and governments tasked with developing entrepreneurial ecosystems must understand the importance of IEOs in increasing EI. Therefore, policies and programs must be designed to develop IEOs and create a conducive environment for individuals to develop as entrepreneurs. However, this study had several limitations. First, this study only involved students from one vocational school. Therefore, the research findings may not necessarily be applicable to large populations. Second, this study used quantitative methods, so it did not explain in depth the individual experiences in forming EI.


Introduction
The economic and social growth of a country is supported by the important role of entrepreneurship (Koe et al., 2020). This can happen because entrepreneurs have an important role as agents of change in a country that supports economic growth, technology, and the existing business situation (Kumar et al., 2020). In addition, entrepreneurship can help create a better quality of life for individuals, communities, and countries through the process of creating innovation in business, building creativity that generates competitiveness, and developing resources to achieve competitive advantage (Akhtar et al., 2022). Every government in the world has realized the importance of entrepreneurship for the country and has developed policies that can increase the number of entrepreneurs, especially among the youth so that they become more independent in creating new job opportunities (Elshaer, 2022). In Indonesia, the government is making various efforts to form an entrepreneurial ecosystem in order to achieve the national entrepreneurship ratio target of 3.9% of the working population of Indonesia in 2024, based on government policies stipulated in Presidential Decree

raymond.wahyudi@itbss.ac.id
The author has reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript.

A B S T R A C T
Entrepreneurship has become one of the main issues in government policy in various countries. Therefore, understanding entrepreneurial intention (EI) and individual entrepreneurial orientation (IEO) is important for research. EI is influenced by many factors, such as social environment and cultural and psychological factors. IEO is an individual personality characteristic that reflects a tendency to engage in entrepreneurial behavior with three dimensions, namely, innovative, proactive, and risk-taking. However, there has not been much research on IEO and EI in the context of vocational students. So, through this research, the relationship between IEO and EI for vocational students in Indonesia will be explained in detail. This study involved 388 vocational students in West Kalimantan. The participants were randomly selected and analyzed using quantitative methods to test the proposed hypothesis. Based on the results of the study, it was found that there was a positive and significant relationship between the dimensions of IEO on EI both directly and indirectly. The implications of the results of this research are that agencies and governments tasked with developing entrepreneurial ecosystems must understand the importance of IEOs in increasing EI. Therefore, policies and programs must be designed to develop IEOs and create a conducive environment for individuals to develop as entrepreneurs. However, this study had several limitations. First, this study only involved students from one vocational school. Therefore, the research findings may not necessarily be applicable to large populations. Second, this study used quantitative methods, so it did not explain in depth the individual experiences in forming EI.  (Nikitina et al., 2022). However, there has been little research on EO at the individual level on the basis of the proactive, innovative, and risk-taking dimensions of EI (Singh, 2022). In addition, the indirect impact of the dimensions of risk-taking through the mediation of the proactive and innovative dimensions on EI has not been examined in previous studies. Thus the relationship between these dimensions has not been revealed (Elshaer, 2022 (Liao et al., 2022). Thus, the study of youth entrepreneurship can be understood through EI as a key factor in understanding how to promote entrepreneurship.

Individual entrepreneurial orientation (IEO)
The concept of EO was originally aimed at companies with entrepreneurial characteristics, i.e., companies that want to innovate, take risks, and proactively seek new business opportunities. Based on this, it can be seen that there are three dimensions in EO for companies: the tendency to innovate, to be proactive, and to accept risks (Felgueira, 2020 (Kumar et al., 2020).
The conceptualization of the IEO in the workplace also considers the inclination of individuals to be innovative, proactive, and risk-taking in order to attain triumph (Covin et al., 2020). IEO can be used as a strong developmental base for youth to create innovation in the business world, be easily accepted in the job market, or build a better personal career (Sahoo, 2019). IEO has a statistically significant role in influencing the EI of youth, which means that youth with a higher orientation toward entrepreneurship is more likely to have the intention to start their own businesses (Aggarwal, 2022;Koe et al., 2020).

Proactiveness
Proactiveness (PRO) is the ability to identify and act on opportunities, take the initiative, and persevere in the face of obstacles. This attitude is key to the success of businesses because it allows them to identify and take advantage of opportunities in the market (Elshaer, 2022 The results of previous research indicate that a proactive personality has a significant and positive impact on EI (Luo et al., 2022). This means that individuals with proactive personalities are more likely to have EI. Other research also shows a significant relationship between proactive attitudes and EI (Tu et al., 2021). Thus, someone with a proactive attitude will be more supportive of building a business than someone who is less proactive. H1 = There is a significant positive relationship between proactiveness and EI.

Innovativeness
The dimension of innovativeness in the corporate  (Tu et al., 2021) H2= There is a significant positive relationship between innovativeness and EI.

Risk-taking
Risk-taking is the ability to take calculated but courageous action, associated with a trade-off between risk and return and influenced by a tolerance for uncertainty. This attitude can encourage individual entrepreneurs to enter businesses that many would avoid (Elshaer, 2022). Entrepreneurship is generally known to be closely related to risk-taking, which involves using resources to take advantage of opportunities in the market, even if there is no guarantee of success. The tendency to take risks is influenced by the individual's need to achieve certain benefits from a business activity between low and high risk (Twum et al., 2021).
The results of previous studies showed a significant positive relationship between risk-taking and EI. This means that youth with a higher risk-taking attitude will support the perception of starting a business in the future (Tu et al., 2021). These results are also supported by other research that shows a positive relationship between risk-taking and EI because a successful entrepreneur needs to have the mentality to deal with uncertainty and obtain the best results (Al-Mamary, 2022).
H3 = There is a significant positive relationship between risk-taking and EI.
Entrepreneurship necessitates individuals to actively discover opportunities and adopt a proactive approach to capturing these business prospects. The proactive personality trait plays a definitive role in determining EI in the face of the risks and challenges inherent in business development (Kumar, 2023).
From the results of previous research, there is a mediating effect of being proactive and innovative on the relationship between risk-taking and EI (Elshaer, 2022 (Langkamp, 2012). According to previous research, risk-taking has a significant positive relationship with innovativeness (Elshaer, 2022). An individual is encouraged to be innovative by the tendency to take risks, despite the possibility of experiencing failure in the implementation of new ideas and the impact on losses. Other studies also support the notion that risktaking has a positive and significant impact on innovativeness (Elshaer, 2022). An entrepreneur with a risk-taking attitude will show creativity and courage to do things that have never been done before in order to achieve success in business. Creativity is considered to be a crucial attribute of entrepreneurship, as it enables individuals to introduce innovative concepts stemming from situations that occur in the dynamic realm of business (Awwad, 2021). H4 = There is a significant positive relationship between risk-taking and innovativeness.
Based on the results of similar studies, there is a significant positive relationship between risk-taking and proactive behavior (Elshaer, 2022). The proactive attitude of an entrepreneur is greatly influenced by their risk-taking attitude because an entrepreneur must be prepared to face the risks that exist in the market when trying to seize opportunities in the future. Other studies also show that risk-taking has a positive effect on proactiveness (Elshaer, 2022).
Proactive roles and risk-taking have a positive correlation together with being innovative based on the dimension of entrepreneurial orientation, where higher risk-taking will lead to higher levels of proactiveness and innovativeness in the individual.
However, in line with other research, it was found that risk-taking exhibits an adverse correlation with proactive conduct from the perspective of students (Gorostiaga et al., 2019). This is due to the fact that the risk-taking dimension differs from other dimensions that are associated with broader and more diverse aspects of life, as opposed to educational settings.
H5 = There is a significant positive relationship between risk-taking and proactiveness.

Methods
This study was conducted using a questionnaire that contained questions collected from similar studies. The questionnaire used in this study refers to EI and IEO question items, which consist of innovative, proactive, and risk-taking dimensions that have been used previously (Elshaer, 2022). The questionnaire used a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5 (1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = somewhat agree, 4 = agree, and 5 = strongly agree).
The data collection method used in this study was an online survey. An online survey was conducted via (SEM) with the partial least squares (PLS) approach (Memon et al., 2020).

Descriptive statistics
The description of the respondents based on gender in this study included 187 men (31.8%) and 201 women (68.2%). The age of respondents was between 16 and 18 years, and they had the same educational background, namely private vocational high school from West Kalimantan. Based on Table 1, the average for each indicator is between 3.291 and 4.152, with a standard deviation (SD) of 0.767 to 1.047. This shows the tendency of the respondents to answer with a relatively low deviation. The mode of each indicator varied from three to five: proactive, innovative, risktaking, and EI. Most of the responses given by the respondents tended to be "somewhat agree" to "strongly agree" with each indicator.

Hypothesis testing
Hypothesis testing was conducted using SEM-PLS through the research model shown in Figure 1 (Elshaer, 2022). This hypothesis also supports the findings of previous research that proactiveness greatly impacts an individual's EI. A proactive attitude is closely related to one's ability to take advantage of economic opportunities and to predict and meet market needs before competitors can do so by finding opportunities and preventing potential waste (Al-Mamary, 2022). A successful entrepreneur can gain a competitive advantage by being proactive and taking the lead in their industry rather than just following others. They can identify new business opportunities, anticipate obstacles, and develop effective strategies to overcome them (Awwad, 2021).
The results of the study also concluded that H2, that is, innovativeness has a significant positive relationship with EI and is acceptable with a path coefficient of 0.119 (p-value <0.009). These results are also supported by previous research, which found that innovative individuals have a positive relationship with EI (Elshaer, 2022). This is also in line with the results  (Elshaer, 2022).
The results of the study also support hypotheses H4 and H5 that there is a significant positive relationship between innovative risk-taking and proactive risk-taking. These results are consistent with previous research, which shows that risk-taking has a significant effect on innovativeness and proactiveness (Elshaer, 2022). This shows that an entrepreneur experiences satisfaction when they succeed in creating a business using their creative power and ability to handle risk as a form of need for achievement in an individual (Martínez-González et al., 2019).

Conclusion
This study was conducted to examine the factors that influence individual EI among youth in Indonesia.